Gum disease - also known as periodontal disease - is a common yet serious condition affecting the gums, and if left untreated it can lead to tooth loss.
Gingivitis is the earliest stage, caused by inflammation from bacterial plaque build-up. Signs include red or swollen gums, bleeding when brushing or flossing, and bad breath. When plaque isn't removed, it hardens into tartar, trapping further bacteria and irritating the gums. If it progresses, periodontitis develops - an advanced stage where infection spreads below the gumline and affects the bone and connective tissue, leading to gum recession, deep pockets, persistent bad breath, and loose teeth.
There are four recognised stages: healthy gums, gingivitis, periodontitis, and advanced periodontitis. Because tartar can form within 6-12 months even with good home care, we recommend a check-up and clean every six months.
Common causes include poor oral hygiene, smoking and other unhealthy habits, hormonal changes, existing dental issues, chronic illness, certain medications, poor nutrition, alcohol, stress, mouth breathing, genetics, and a lack of professional care.
During an assessment, we measure gum pocket depth (1-3mm is healthy), take digital X-rays to check for bone loss, and assess tooth mobility, sensitivity, and gum tissue condition. Treatment ranges from non-surgical options - a standard clean, a deeper clean or curettage, and scaling and root planing under local anaesthetic - through to surgical options such as flap surgery, bone grafts, soft tissue grafts, guided tissue regeneration, bone reshaping, and laser therapy for minimally invasive removal of diseased tissue.
Prevention comes down to the basics done consistently: brushing twice daily, flossing, antibacterial mouthwash, professional cleanings twice a year, avoiding tobacco, managing stress, staying hydrated, and eating a nutrient-rich diet. Early-stage gingivitis can be fully reversed with proper care, but advanced periodontitis can cause irreversible bone loss and gum recession - which is why early intervention matters.
