Brushing twice a day, flossing, and visiting your dentist regularly are essential habits, yet tooth decay remains a common concern for many patients due to genetics, enamel strength, and diet.
A cavity begins when acids produced by plaque break down the hard outer enamel layer of a tooth. Left untreated, this can progress to intense toothache, damage to the inner tooth structure, and eventually tooth loss. In severe cases, an abscess can form - an infection that may spread to the jaw, head, or bloodstream. The chewing surfaces of the molars, the spaces between teeth, and the gumline are the areas most at risk.
Decay develops in stages: initial demineralisation (visible as white spots), enamel breakdown, dentin decay (where sensitivity increases), pulp involvement (causing severe pain), and finally abscess formation, which requires urgent treatment.
Common causes include poor oral hygiene, plaque build-up, a dry mouth, a sugar-rich diet, acid-producing bacteria, certain medical conditions, receding gums, and genetically weaker enamel. Symptoms to watch for include toothache, sensitivity, discomfort when biting, visible holes or discolouration, swollen gums, loose fillings, cracked teeth, and abscesses.
Early-stage decay is reversible through improved hygiene, dietary changes, and fluoride treatment before a cavity actually forms. Once a cavity has developed, professional treatment becomes necessary - this can range from a simple filling to a crown, root canal therapy, or extraction with a replacement such as an implant or bridge. Regular check-ups, fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco all help reduce your risk.
